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The 3 Main Principles of Object Oriented Programming – How to Program With Java

Object-oriented programming (or OOP) is actually categorized by three main principles.

1) Encapsulation

2) Inheritance

3) Polymorphism

These seem like scary terms, but they’re actually fairly easy principles to understand. To understand programming with Java, you need to understand these principles. So let’s review our first basic OOP concept, encapsulation. Encapsulation simply means that we want to restrict some other piece of code from accessing this particular object. So, to illustrate, if you have a Person object and that Person object has first and last name as attributes. If another piece of code tries to change the name of your Private object to say “Frank3”, you can note what the first name is trying to be set to and remove any digits so we’re just left with “”. Frank”. Without encapsulation, we would have no way to prevent “silly programmers” from changing the values ​​of our variables to something that doesn’t make sense or, worse, breaks the application. Sound smart?

The second concept of OOP and the key principle if you want to learn to program in Java is Inheritance. This specific concept refers to a superclass (or parent class) and a subclass (or child class) and the simple fact that a child class inherits every attribute of its parent. You can think of it in terms of a real world situation like a real parent and child. A child will probably inherit some characteristics from its parents, such as eye color or hair color. Let me imagine another example in programming terms, let’s say we have a superclass “Vehicle” and subclasses “Car” and “Motorcycle”. “Vehicle” has wheels, so by inheritance “Car” and “Motorcycle” also have wheels, but “Car” has doors and “Motorcycle” does not. Thus, it would be incorrect to say that the “Vehicle” has doors, as this declaration would be inaccurate. So you can see how we can define all the similarities between “Car” and “Motorcycle” and thus define them inside the superclass “Vehicle”.

The 3rd concept of OOP is Polymorphism. This particular concept seems like one of the scariest, but I can explain it in simple terms. Polymorphism means that an object (ie Animal) can take several forms while your program is running. Let’s say you’ve created a class Animal and you’ve defined a method called “Speak”. You then asked your three friends to evolve the animal species and apply the “Speak” method to them. You won’t know what kind of animals your friends create or how their Animals will talk unless you actually hear those animals speak. This is very comparable to how Java solves this problem. This is called dynamic method binding, which simply means that Java won’t understand how the actual Animal talks until runtime. So maybe your friends created a Dog, Cat and Snake. There are three types of Beasts here and each of them speak differently. Java says “woof” every time he asks the Dog to speak. A Java cat says “meow” when asked to speak. When Java asks the snake to speak, it hisses. The beauty of polymorphism is that all we did was define an Animal interface with the Speak method, and we can create our own custom speaking animal types.

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