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Multiple Intelligences – The Pluralistic View of the Mind
Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory (MI Theory) (2006) states that people have different combinations of intelligences. This pluralistic approach is an alternative view to the traditional notion that intelligence can be objectively measured and reduced to a single number, IQ. At the beginning of the 20th century, the first intelligence tests focusing on verbal abilities were developed by the French psychologist Alfred Binet and his colleagues in Paris. The motivation for their research was to respond to a request by authorities to create a measure to predict which students might need special attention at school. These early empirical experiments introduced the concept of intelligence as a quantitative measure. Above all, the concept of intelligence as a single number ultimately confirmed a one-dimensional view of the mind.
This theory has educational implications. Gardner notes that the idea of IQ has created what he calls a “single vision” for the school. This unified vision is responsible for the core curriculum—the set of things everyone should know (eg, critical reading and numeracy). So the brightest students can go to better colleges. By adhering to these narrow standards, thousands of young people will never have the chance to flourish. But can intelligence be a single construct? Moreover, is it fair with this great human potential? From Gardner’s idea of multifaceted intelligence, the concept of individual-centered school arises. This view echoes Rorty’s notion that people should be educated as individuals. In the field of public education, every child should have an individual education program. In short, Gardner and Rorty show that these policy issues are the main problems in schools today. Now we know that all students need special attention in school. Authorities need to understand that individualized education is not only for students with special needs.
We have two attitudes about the mind. At that time, the traditional, which was considered as a scientific turn. And a pluralistic view that actually expands the scope of human possibilities. The eight intelligences proposed by Gardner are: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Recall that the IQ test is based only on linguistic and logical-mathematical abilities. Both research and theory suggest that a variety of student-level factors account for student achievement. Recent theories on the contextualization of intelligence suggest that intellectual potential will depend on the culture in which a person happens to live. Life experiences are very important. It seems that the idea of the mind as a single construct is slowly dying out.
The new understanding of intelligence is based on a radically different view of the mind. It gradually became clear that this theory gave a very different view of school. In all of this, we have great respect for the differences between people and the different ways they learn.
Referenced work
Howard Gardner. Multiple Intelligences. New Horizons (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 4–5.
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