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Alcohol: America’s Drug of Choice

A recent study found that millions of Americans turn to alcohol and drugs to relieve the anxiety of their stressful lives. However, like stress itself, these “pain relievers” are far from being a new approach. Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in our society today, but certainly not the only one.

Alcohol appears to be a relatively safe relaxant for most users, but not for all. In fact, for that small group who cannot control their drinking; the cost of alcohol abuse is enormous. The pain it can take is nothing compared to the pain it causes them as they slowly become addicted to alcohol. Sooner or later, alcohol will weaken and destroy the components of the self that give meaning to life.

No one really knows how long humans have been using alcoholic beverages as part of their social activities, but what is known is that liquor or alcohol was used thousands of years before the World Health Organization declared alcohol to be habit-forming and addictive. .

For example, Neolithic man discovered and used beer and berry wine from around 6400 BC; Some suggest that the use of some alcoholic beverages dates back to 300 or 400 BC. A by-product of honey called mead is said to be the oldest of all alcoholic beverages known to man. Later, mead is believed to have appeared for the first time in the Paleolithic period. Nevertheless, it has been established that when Columbus reached these shores, beer was very well drunk by the Native Americans.

Fruit and cereal grains are the most common products fermented to produce alcoholic beverages in this culture. Other cultures commonly use plants as a basis for the fermentation of alcoholic beverages. During his expedition to Mexico in 1518, Cortez commented favorably on a local distilled liquor called pulque. Pulque is made from cactus and has around 6% alcohol. Mead has an alcohol content of around 10-12% and is believed to be present in some cultures today. A traditional Far Eastern rice wine called sake is familiar to many Americans, especially World War I servicemen. The alcohol content of sake is said to be between 12-18%.

A nineteenth-century Swedish physician is credited with first coining the term “alcoholism,” and the ancient Romans were the first to recognize the pattern of drinking between voluntary binge drinkers and those unable to control their drinking. A few centuries later, the English language distinguished between drunkenness and the addition of alcohol.

In 1784, Dr. Benjamin Rush, the founder of American psychiatry and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, described habitual drinking as a voluntary condition, a disease caused by “spiritual liquors.” However, the concept of disease was overshadowed by Puritan belief in America until the failure of prohibition. Shortly before the repeal of the 18th Amendment, which prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcoholic beverages, the first edition of the American Standard Nomenclature of Diseases was published. He listed both alcohol addiction and alcoholism as diseases. A few years later, Alcoholics Anonymous was founded and adopted the concept of the disease as well.

The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Association on Drug Abuse have defined alcoholism as; Alcoholism is a primary chronic disease with genetic, psychological and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by persistent or periodic loss of control over drinking, involvement in drugs and alcohol, and use of alcohol despite negative consequences and distortions of thought, most importantly denial.

In general, an individual is considered an alcoholic when his drinking becomes uncontrollable and causes problems in his personal, professional, family and social life. Also, if an individual cannot predict when to stop, how much to drink, or what the consequences of drinking will be, he is considered an alcoholic.

As a nation we are materially rich and technologically brilliant. We are also a country of drug users. In homes across America, we’ll find medicine cabinets filled with copious amounts of both over-the-counter and prescription medications. The mass media will employ a wide arsenal of resources to inform the public about the dangers of cocaine, heroin, and crack cocaine. However, the same mass media seems incapable of educating the public about the dangers of alcohol abuse. Alcohol, a drug more openly abused than any other drug in human history, seems to be taking a back seat.

Every indicator shows that there is a shift among our youth, especially college students, from a variety of unfamiliar and esoteric drugs to the drugs found in the most respectable and law-abiding homes. In this society we use alcohol for various reasons; to be sociable, to be accepted, to relax, to gain courage, to increase self-esteem and yes, to add romance to our lives. And often, for many of us, alcohol is used to escape depression, fear, anxiety, and other real or imagined inadequacies. for these and other reasons, the cases of alcohol abuse are increasing.

An estimated 18.5 million Americans have symptoms of alcoholism or alcohol dependence. Another 7.2 million people exhibit persistent drinking behaviors associated with impaired health and social functioning. A report completed in 2000 found that alcoholism and alcohol-related problems cost the nation about $276 billion a year in lost productivity, health care costs, crime, motor vehicle accidents, and other related costs.

In America, an alcohol-related problem occurs in one in three families. Fetal alcohol syndrome is one of the main causes of birth defects and mental retardation. One third of all hospitalized patients have an alcohol-related problem. Alcohol is closely related to suicide. Among the causes of death of identified alcoholics, 20% are suicide, and another 22% are alcohol-related. A recent study found that more than half of all inmates convicted of violent crimes had consumed alcohol prior to the crime.

Alcoholism is a disease that directly affects those close to alcoholics, especially family members. Often, the affected family members as well as the alcoholic themselves need appropriate help to recover. Most alcoholism programs include a family component that refers to self-help and support groups. One in five children in America lived with an alcoholic while growing up. One in ten American adults is married to or in a relationship with an alcoholic or problem drinker. Women are more exposed to alcoholism in the family than men. Women are more likely to be married to alcoholics than men.

Like other diseases, alcoholism can be cured with proper treatment, prevention and more research. Public education about the disease of alcoholism is the first line of defense. Acute awareness and understanding of the early signs of a drinking problem are crucial. Recognizing that alcohol is a drug and that its use or abuse carries certain risks is critical to personal prevention. Other preventive measures include avoiding high-risk drinking, knowing your family’s alcohol history, and knowing your own history with alcohol use.

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