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How to Use Schedules for Behavior Support

Schedules can make a positive difference in a child’s behavior in class or at home. When a schedule is in place, children know what is coming next and what is expected of them. Knowing what comes next reduces anxiety because there is no uncertainty about what they are going to do.

As adults, we set our day and we make our own choices, so we know what comes next. Imagine doing one thing and having no idea what will happen when you finish, or imagine someone coming up to you before you finish something you enjoy, stopping you from doing what you are doing, and demand that you do something else. These situations will stress or frustrate most people. This is often what happens to children when schedules are not in place.

Young children or children with autism or other disabilities such as ADHD may become anxious or frustrated when they are told to do something they did not expect, or when they are suddenly told to stop a favorite activity. This can lead to challenging behaviour. They may also struggle to remember or visualize if you just tell them how the day will go. A schedule makes it easier to understand, follow and remember the expectations of the day.

Also, when a schedule is in place, children get used to their routine. Although schedules should change slightly from day to day to allow flexibility, they should be similar enough to allow the child to become comfortable and familiar with his routine. When a child is comfortable in his routine, he also feels less anxious and needs less reminders from you about what is expected.

When you first start the schedule, you may need to give the child several reminders to check it (remain calm so as not to turn the child off the schedule), but as it becomes a normal part of his day , he can start watching it on his own. The ultimate goal is for the child to become so familiar with his schedule, that he begins to implement it independently without even looking. For example, let’s say your child’s schedule upon returning from school is:

Snack

Homework for half an hour

10 minute break for a fun activity

Homework for another half hour

Watch TV for half an hour

Set the table

Eat dinner

Play on PC (half hour)

Tidy up bedroom

Put on pajamas

Read a story

Go to bed

If you implement this schedule consistently, your child may begin to implement some of these tasks without you even asking. It would be so nice to have your child finish his homework, set the table and clean his room without constant reminders from you. Also, if he is expected to follow the schedule, you set up a realistic way to hold your child accountable for his own behavior. Children often have many expectations. They struggle to be accountable because they struggle to manage their tasks in an organized manner. A schedule allows them to do this. Setting a schedule is also a way to enforce rules. The rule is that one thing in the schedule must be completed before moving on to the next. If your child tries to get on the computer before completing homework, simply refer to the schedule and say “remember your schedule, you need to finish your homework before you get on the computer.” Blaming the rule on the schedule is a good way to avoid confrontation. Hearing you refer to a schedule sounds very different to a child than hearing you say, “You haven’t finished your homework, so you can’t get on the computer.”

Children who are not used to the approach of enforcing a daily schedule may initially complain or argue, but when they see you are going to implement it consistently and not move on your position, they will learn to follow the rules. Some children even enjoy completing a schedule.

Allow the child to participate in the creation of a home timetable. At school, schedules are often created by the teacher, but allow the children in your class to participate if possible. Once the schedule is created, review it thoroughly with the child to the best of their ability to ensure understanding. For children with speech and language delays or problems, such as those on the autism spectrum, visual schedules with pictures of each activity may work best (resources for picture schedules are found at the bottom of this article.) Children with problems understanding language or speech. may respond better to modeling and prompting of how to use the schedule several times before implementing it, rather than a verbal explanation.

To reinforce the schedule, recognize the child’s efforts when they follow the schedule (eg, “good job with your schedule tonight,” “nice job following your schedule. “you were so responsible for completing your schedule, etc.) Children with language difficulties may benefit from a visual or tactile reward rather than or accompanied by verbal recognition.

For any child who completes a schedule, you can link motivational rewards to completing the schedule. For example, you can tell the child that he can choose a special activity of his choice if he follows his schedule for a certain number of days. For a child with language difficulties, who may not understand that you offer a reward after successfully completing the schedule for a certain number of days, only automatically reward him for following the schedule after he reaches a predetermined goal has. For example, if your child likes to play with shaving cream or jump on a trampoline, allow him to do that as a reward for using the schedule appropriately. Point to the schedule with a smile or thumbs up when you reward him to help him make the connection.

Make the goal realistic for the child. For a child with multiple problem behaviors, one day of completing a schedule can be a major accomplishment and worthy of a reward. For a child with less problematic behavior, he may complete five days of successful schedule before receiving a reward. As the child becomes more comfortable with his schedule, and more successful at following the rules of the schedule or completing the schedule, you may want to change how often he earns his reward, with the ultimate goal of fading out the reward. See my article “How to Praise Your Children” for a better understanding of the use of rewards and why they are not considered bribes for appropriate behavior.

Here are some behaviors to watch for that may indicate a schedule would help:

-Significant disorganization

– Difficulty remembering or figuring out what he should do

-Often inattentive or off-task behavior (for students who are off-task, you can point to or remind them of their schedule to redirect them back to on-task)

– Trouble knowing what to do without structure

-Opposition or challenging behavior

Place the schedule somewhere the child can always see it. Laminating the schedule can help keep it from getting torn or crumpled.

I understand that for parents and teachers with multiple children or with many additional responsibilities, a schedule can be difficult to keep. Do the best you can, and apply the rules as best you can. If it doesn’t work for you or your child, that’s okay. Not every behavior strategy I write about will work for every child. These strategies are recommendations based on what I have seen work for various children in my career and based on research [e.g., Michael B. Ruef (1998) indicated that increasing predictability and scheduling and appreciating positive behavior promotes positive behavioral changes and Banda and Grimmett (2008), documented the positive effects schedules have on social and transition behaviors in individuals with autism.].

Options for creating images for visual schedules and rewards

1- Search Google Images for the images you want to use, print them out and have them laminated. You can have lamination done at any Staples store or buy your own laminator and laminating patches, such as the Scotch Thermal Laminator Combo Pack on Amazon.com.

If you work in a school, they may already have a laminating machine for you to use. If you are a parent, you can also try asking your child’s school if they can help you laminate some pictures for a home grid.

2. Buy ready-made laminated pictures such as 160 laminated pictures for autism communication also on Amazon.com.

3. Create pictures and schedules on an IPAD application such as Choiceworks, print and laminate them.

4. Use computer software to create and print your own pictures such as Visual Essentials Photo and Template Collectionwhich has 3,000 pre-made photos, templates and layouts and photo schedules for everyday routines related to chores, hygiene and more.

How to create motivational charts and schedule boards

You can create your own motivational cards using Microsoft Word (insert table), search Google Images for free motivational card templates, or purchase ready-made motivational cards on Amazon.com.

It is recommended that the cards be laminated to prevent tearing or crumpling.

You can velcro your images to your cards or copy and paste images, such as those on Google Images, into a Microsoft Word card.

You can also take a plain piece of paper or construction paper, laminate it, and velcro pictures on the paper.

Another option is to purchase a schedule strip or a schedule pocket card that can be found on Amazon.com. You can also see what a schedule strip or a schedule pocket card looks like by searching Google Images.

You can also make your own schedule strip by laminating construction paper and purchasing Velcro strip or double-sided tape.

For children who need to switch between preferred and non-preferred activities or need to know what happens first and then next and may be confused by a visual schedule with more than two pictures, you can also create a first/then board with the same instructions provided above. A first/then board first shows a picture of the expected task and then the preferred activity next, usually side by side. See a photo of a first/then sign on Google Images.

Keep in mind that children often benefit from removing or crossing off what they have already completed in their schedule. If you have removable pictures or words (Velcroed, taped, etc.), allow the child to take the piece off the schedule board and put it in an envelope, trash can, etc. that is attached near the schedule. Some pocket cards have a pocket at the bottom to place finished items.

Additionally, you can find some ready-made magnetic schedule/motivation cards in one, with photos included, on Amazon.com.

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